Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Int J Radiat Biol. Interphone study group. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. Surg Neurol. Richter et al. 1984;4:285665. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. Arch Environ Health. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. Article Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. Pathophysiology. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Bioelectromagnetics. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. Bioelectromagnetics. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. J Mol Neurosci. 1997;44:99104. CAS 2009;72:20514. 2015;148:150. Rev Environ Health. J Neurosci. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. 1984;5:6370. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. 2012;25:1828. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. Neurosci Lett. Xu et al. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). J Neuro. 2015;36:4804. Neuroreport. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. 2006;27:11926. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. 2003;11:346. 2006;5:389. 2017;38:106976. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Neurobiol Learn Mem. . Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. 1994;15:95104. Merola et al. 1996;93:46938. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. Cell Biochem Biophys. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. Neuroreport. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. Zhao et al. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. Google Scholar. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Dasdag et al. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. 2004;23:20114. Toxicol Sci. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. 2010;3:4650. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. 2016;397:2239. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. 2009;158:12639. 2 Researchers have been working. [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). 2013;73:4737. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. Behav Brain Res. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. 2004;155:3743. 2001;12:72931. A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. 2015;91:42634. Bioelectromagnetics. Article ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. Article California Privacy Statement, A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. 1996;180:917. 2002;5:18995. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. as it have a harmful side. 2009;27:556572. 2007;27:6024. PubMed Central 2016;53:210011. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. Bioelectromagnetics. J Neurosci Methods. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. Harris KM. 2006;79:13140. 2004;25:4957. 2013;32:27380. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. Mol Cell Biol. 2005;25:10190201. 2014;70:84555. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. The function of dendritic spines: devices subserving biochemical rather than electrical computation. Brain Res Rev. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. Clinics. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. 2005;130:591600. CAS The effects are usually . Cell Biochem Biophys. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. Google Scholar. J Natl Cancer Inst. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. Zhi, WJ., Wang, LF. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. 1992;6:379. Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. Calabr E, Condello S, Curr M, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Magaz S, et al. Int J Radiat Biol. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Acta Neurol Belg. [84] and Sharma et al. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. 2012;31:6774. 2005;438:18592. Wang et al. 2005;22:32931. The results showed that gestational Wi-Fi exposure and restraint adversely affected offspring neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. 2017;326:291. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies.
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