Portuguese traders soon began to settle around the fort and established the town of Elmina. The story of North American exploration spans an entire millennium and involves a wide array of European powers and uniquely American characters. Probanzas de mritos featured glowing descriptions of lands of plenty. flashcard sets. Below are excerpts from Columbuss 1493 letter to Luis de Santngel, which illustrates how fantastic reports from European explorers gave rise to many myths surrounding the Spanish conquest and the New World. Above all else, the Aztec wealth in gold fascinated the Spanish adventurers. Ushered in a new age of sustained global contact; world connected through networks of exchange. 5 Pages. Many other Europeans followed in Columbuss footsteps, drawn by dreams of winning wealth by sailing west. By At Elmina the main source was Ashanti gold, at trading points on the Guinea coast it was gold diverted to Portuguese traders from the caravan route from Timbuktu to Morocco. Portugal imported armor and munitions, fine clothes, and several manufactured products from Flanders and Italy. The Spanish explorers hoped to find cities of gold, so they made their discoveries sound as wonderful as possible in these letters to convince the Spanish crown to fund more voyages. Inland there are numerous mines of metals and innumerable people. He received help from the neighboring cities terrorized by the Aztec empire, who periodically collected people from them to offer sacrifices to their gods in many elaborate rituals, outstripping nearby empires in their zeal. The Spanish came to the New World first to have a Far East trading link. In addition to forcing the native populations into slavery, the Spanish explorers forced them to convert to Christianity. De Gama's successful venture created a greater demand than ever before for overseas trades along the African coast. Over two centuries, the Spanish established an empire over two continents that changed the lives of the Amerindians, the very face of the land itself, and indeed, the entire world. This era began in the late 1400's and lasted through the 1700's. It is responsible for influencing European culture, initiating globalization, and introducing colonialism around the world. Westward Expansion, 1840-1900, Industrialization and the Rise of Big Business, 1870-1900, The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870-1900, Leading the Way: The Progressive Movement, 1890-1920, Age of Empire: American Foreign Policy, 1890-1914, The Jazz Age: Redefining the Nation, 1919-1929, Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? Hoping to gain power over the city, Corts took Moctezuma, the Aztec ruler, hostage. How did Portuguese and Spanish exploration effect the people in Africa? Spain and Portugal were considered to be the major exponents of 'The Age of Discovery', stretching from the early 15 th century to mid-17 th century. . What does this letter show us about Spanish objectives in the New World? Huguenots Overview, History & Beliefs | Who were the Huguenots? There were new places to explore, room to spread out, and cultures and economies to discover and even control. NYFA's Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) degree programs are designed to provide students with a concentrated education in film, media, and entertainment, supported by an exploration of the liberal arts and sciences. Moreover, it would be incorrect to attribute purely mercenary or religious goals to the conquest. The Hapsburg dynasty, which ruled a collection of territories including Austria, the Netherlands, Naples, Sicily, and Spain, encouraged and financed the work of painters, sculptors, musicians, architects, and writers, resulting in a blooming of Spanish Renaissance culture. He believed the earth to be much smaller than its actual size and, since he did not know of the existence of the Americas, he fully expected to land in Asia. After Columbus voyages to the New World, the Portuguese, Spanish, French, Dutch, and English began the active exploration and exploitation of the newly discovered land in the Americas. This sixteenth-century map shows the island of Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and Dominican Republic). European countries started to think about forming empires, spreading Christianity, and ruling the world. At the heart of the Spanish exploration, was the desire to gain access to the spice and silk routes to increase their power and . explored isthmus of panama. Spanish rulers Ferdinand and Isabella promoted the acquisition of these new lands in order to strengthen and glorify their own empire. The history of Spanish exploration begins with the history of Spain itself. The Spanish monarchs knew that Portuguese mariners had reached the southern tip of Africa and sailed the Indian Ocean. What was the effect of Spanish and Portuguese exploration? However, they also brought disease and existing conflicts between European nations. The Spanish monarchs knew that Portuguese mariners had reached the southern tip of Africa and sailed the Indian Ocean. The extensive overseas exploration, with the Portuguese and Spanish at the forefront, later joined by the Dutch, English, and French, emerged as a powerful factor in European culture, most notably the European colonization of the Americas. In the 1540s, Francisco Vsquez de Coronado crossed the Rio Grande and traveled up the Colorado River. During the winter of 154041, the explorers waged war against the Tiwa in present-day New Mexico. Magellan and Joo Serro were the only Portuguese captains, with Magellan in charge of the largest ship, the Trinidad, and Serro at the helm of the Santiago. Since the Aztec people had never been exposed to the disease, thousands died as it spread throughout Mexico. Rather than leading to the discovery of gold and silver, however, the expedition simply left Coronado bankrupt. With his support, Portuguese mariners successfully navigated an eastward route to Africa, establishing a foothold there that became a foundation of their nations trade empire in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Explore the collection at The Cervantes Project for images, complete texts, and other resources relating to Cervantess works. The Portuguese explored the Canary Islands off the African coast as early as 1341, finding them perfect for the establishment of sugar colonies with labor supplied by African slaves. This angered the people of Tenochtitln, who rose up against the interlopers in their city. Vasco Nez de Balboa marched through Panama to the Pacific ocean; Hernando Corts conquered Mexico; Francisco Pizarro subdued Peru; and Francisco Vsquez de Coronado moved north. The 15th and 16th centuries have often been labeled the age of exploration, discovery, and expansion. Portuguese exploration along the African coast was marked by trading rather than colonization with the empire-building posts to protect their ships carrying spices and gold back to Portugal and allying with African kings when possible. Inspired and backed financially by Prince Henry the Navigator, Portuguese explorers sailed south, down the coast of Africa, in hopes of finding a route to the Far East. Portugal discovered new lands, new sea routes and made better maps of the world. How did explorers born in Portugal impact the world? Along the way, they discovered plenty of ways to make a profit from their voyages, and pretty soon they were leaders in the gold and slave trades. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. They also had different strategies that helped them make progress through their travels of the ocean. The Spanish started the trade of potatoes, pineapples, turkey, dahlias, sunflowers, magnolia, maize, chillies and chocolate across the Atlantic. Fighting on horseback gave the Spanish explorers an advantage over the Native American populations, who fought on foot. The Spanish brought Western ideals to the Americas, including economic and religious systems. The Portuguese took firm control of trade with the Far East. Which country established the first colonies in the Americas? copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. When the Spanish captured Granada in 1492, it allowed the Catholic monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, to listen to the arguments of the Genoese sea captain, Christopher Columbus, and his claims that he could find a shorter route to the Far East. The Portuguese led the way as explorers sponsored by Prince Henry the Navigator sailed down the coast of Africa, establishing a profitable trade in gold and slaves. Cartographers developed new ways of mapping. Such problems only created possibilities for new solutions as European colonies and trade cropped up around the world. A major result of the European Age of Exploration was. Why did the authors of probanzas de mritos choose to write in the way that they did? Instead, he encouraged exploration and directed many important expeditions. The Portuguese expanded in wealth and founded the international slave trade, an institution whose ramifications would haunt Atlantic history until the nineteenth century. Location of the Strait of Magellan. Portuguese explorers were able to discover and conquer new worlds. An exchange of ideas, fueled and financed in part by New World commodities, began to connect European nations and, in turn, to touch the parts of the world that Europeans conquered. In 1493, Columbus sent two copies of a probanza de mrito to the Spanish king and queen and their minister of finance, Luis de Santngel. Perhaps the key motivator behind exploration in this era was economic. Native Spaniards created equally enduring works. Thus the goals of the Spanish conquest were quite different from the Portuguese. Portuguese explorers were excellent navigators. When this lesson is over, you should be able to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Another Italian, Amerigo Vespucci, sailing for the Portuguese crown, explored the South American coastline between 1499 and 1502. In short, the actions of the Portuguese and Spanish established a permanent European presence in the New World and set the stage for future conflict and historical movements. answer choices. Settlements sprang up at St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565, and in New Mexico in 1609. The exploits of the most famous Spanish explorers have provided Western civilization with a narrative of European supremacy and Indian savagery. 2 Why was exploration so important to Spain? This two-volume book (1605 and 1618) told a colorful tale of an hidalgo (gentleman) who reads so many tales of chivalry and knighthood that he becomes unable to tell reality from fiction. His patronage allowed some of the most important Portuguese expeditions to take place. Christopher Columbus incorrectly believed he had found India when he landed at San Salvador in the Bahamas in 1492. (1531) Hogwarts Legacy is a third-person action-adventure game with some minor RPG and exploration folded into the mix. Spanish and Portuguese Exploration Spain and Portugal were neighboring kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula and fierce competitors exploring the African coastline. In either case, she demonstrates one way in which native peoples responded to the arrival of the Spanish. It didn't take long for other Spaniards to realize that Columbus had stumbled upon something completely new, and they decided to stay. Who ruled the government of ancient Sumer? Ten years later, Francisco Pizarro traveled to Peru where he subsequently conquered the Incan Empire situated in the Andes Mountains. Spanish and Portuguese exploration brought a variety of Western ideas to the new world, including dress and leadership positions like that of the governor. They explored the coasts of Africa and brought back gold and slaves. Merchants then used these Atlantic outposts as debarkation points for subsequent journeys. Their son, Martn, may have been the first mestizo (person of mixed indigenous American and European descent). Such accounts kept the debate on the treatment of natives constantly at the forefront of political life during the age of exploration with the struggle always between greed and humanity. The Portuguese also traded these slaves, introducing much-needed human capital to other European nations. The Spaniards were not far behind the Portuguese in their exploration and empire building. Although Europeans continued to trade with the east, especially the seagoing Venetians, the venture was expensive and unsanctioned by the Catholic Church, which forbade Christian trade with Muslim empires. explored ante empire in Mexico. What is the effect of Spanish and Portuguese Exploration? Although the Spanish had superior weapons, the strength of the Aztecs made the campaign long and grueling. The Spanish monarchs knew that Portuguese mariners had reached the southern tip of Africa and sailed the Indian Ocean. Beginning in about 1418, Henry sent explorers to sea almost every year. Bartholomew Dias found the Cape of Good Hope, while his successor Vasco de Gama made it to India, where he realized Portuguese dreams of having a direct spice trade link and allowed the Portuguese to dominate the trade. Portugal discovered new lands, new sea routes and made better maps of the world. Portuguese explorers were able to discover and conquer new worlds. . Felicity Moran received a Bachelors in history from Franciscan University of Steubenville, and a Master's in history from the University of Cincinnati, where she taught at the collegiate level for two years. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Portugal got richer because of the Indian trade. The explorers also gained new foods like corn and pineapple. The Spanish and Portuguese developed a particular type of ship to trade in the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic. This colonial enterprise was driven by a search for African gold, Asian spices, and Christian kingdoms in the east. Essay Sample. Portugals Prince Henry the Navigator spearheaded his countrys exploration of Africa and the Atlantic in the 1400s. B. Africans were enslaved and brought to the Americas. He and his followers explored what is now Florida, Georgia, the Carolinas, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Texas. The Portuguese were very pleased by this achievement, and they soon dominated the East Indies trade. . All lands to the west of the line, identified as the Line of Demarcation, would be Spains. Portuguese success in exploration depended on maritime technological advances, especially caravel ships with lateen sails that were triangular in shape and gave Europeans the advantage of finally sailing in both directions along the African coast. Perched on the southwestern part of the Iberian peninsula, Portugal turned to the boundless Atlantic Ocean as its only outlet to the wider world. The travels of Portuguese traders to western Africa introduced them to the African slave trade, already brisk among African states. Portugal, the western-most European country, was one of the primary players in the European Age of Discovery and Exploration. Cortes formally claimed Mexican land for the Spanish crown in 1519. It also marks an increased adoption of colonialism as a government policy in several European states. At the height of the middle ages, the Mongol Empire had kept open borders throughout Asia and into Europe along the Silk Road, allowing spices and other luxury goods to flow freely from the Far East. This was centre of the gold trade. How did Exploration impact the world? The Library of Congress. In the 1480s, Pope Sixtus IV had granted Portugal the right to all land south of the Cape Verde islands, leading the Portuguese king to claim that the lands discovered by Columbus belonged to Portugal, not Spain. The Portuguese also traded these slaves, introducing much-needed human capital to other European nations. Seeing the value of this source of labor in growing the profitable crop of sugar on their Atlantic islands, the Portuguese soon began exporting African slaves along with African ivory and gold. They have no iron, nor steel, nor weapons, nor are they fit for them, because although they are well-made men of commanding stature, they appear extraordinarily timid. What impact did the Portuguese have on exploration? However, after three years of entreaties, and, more important, the completion of the Reconquista, Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to finance Columbuss expedition in 1492, supplying him with three ships: the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. The motives for Spanish exploration was to find Northwest Passage, which they believed was a direct and efficient route to the Orient home of spices, silks and wealth. So basically it helped explorers reach their destination. The main driving forces for these pressures include the growing population associated with rapid urbanization and human settlements along the coast, industrial growth, oil exploration, production and export and the associated tanker traffic, fishing, tourism, agriculture, aquaculture and sea water desalination. what was the effect of spanish and portuguese exploration? Test and improve your knowledge of The Age of Discovery & Exploration with fun multiple choice exams you can take online with Study.com. The time was ripe to explore, discover, and expand. Finally, they also desired to build an empire and spread Catholicism. Copies of the letter were soon circulating all over Europe, spreading news of the wondrous new land that Columbus had discovered. Columbus would make three more voyages over the next decade, establishing Spains first settlement in the New World on the island of Hispaniola. Why was exploration so important to Spain? The Impact of Portuguese Exploration Portugal's explorers changed Europeans' understanding of the world in several ways. Finally, Vasco de Gama arrived in India and came back with a nice, profitable load of spices in 1499. They explored the coasts of Africa and brought back gold and slaves. Spains most famous explorer, Christopher Columbus, was actually from Genoa, Italy. This involved an exchange of plants, goods, ideas, and diseases from Europe to the Americas. They were looking for something new and different, and they were ready to push beyond Europe to find it. Spices, fabrics, and other luxuries flowed into Portugal and out to other European countries, and the Portuguese treasury swelled. The Spanish monarchs knew that Portuguese mariners had reached the southern tip of Africa and sailed the Indian Ocean. Elmina Castle on the west coast of Ghana was used as a holding pen for slaves before they were brought across the Atlantic and sold. They also found a sea route to India. The dungeon of the fort now served as a holding pen for African slaves from the interior of the continent, while on the upper floors Portuguese traders ate, slept, and prayed in a chapel. Armed with these advances, Bartholomew Dias reached the tip of Africa in 1487, naming it the Cape of Good Hope. What was the effect of Spanish and Portuguese exploration quizlet? Portuguese spice trading also made goods available to the rest of Europe on a larger scale and enriched Portugal herself. There were different reasons for the Spanish and Portuguese exploration, with the Portuguese establishing a trading post empire to protect their goods, and Spain focusing on empire-building. Far from being unified and content under Aztec rule, many peoples in Mexico resented it and were ready to rebel. An error occurred trying to load this video. Spurred by Christopher Columbuss glowing reports of the riches to be found in the New World, throngs of Spanish conquistadors set off to find and conquer new lands. (1521) Pizarro took land from the Incas in what is today Peru. Note the various fanciful elements, such as the large-scale ships and sea creatures, and consider what the creator of this map hoped to convey. The surviving Spaniards, numbering a little over three hundred, returned to Mexico City without finding the much-anticipated mountains of gold and silver. [1] John Francis Bannon, editor, Bolton and the Spanish Borderlands (1964), pp. The trees, fruits and grasses differ widely from those in Juana. Those who resisted were punished by a system called encomienda, in which natives were assigned to settlers through land grants as part of a deal. Over the next two centuries, a string of explorers and conquistadors, or military conquerors, claimed territory after territory for the ever-widening Spanish empire. This island, like all the others, is most extensive. The Spanish also brought smallpox into the valley of Mexico. The most famous of these Spanish adventurers are Christopher Columbus (who, though Italian himself, explored on behalf of the Spanish monarchs), Hernn Corts, and Francisco Pizarro.
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