doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2011.09.003, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Moral, A., Kharrat, M., and Rubiales, D. (2012b). Biol. J. Agric. Ilustration of broomrape life stages and mechanisms of control. Phosphorus deficiency in red clover promotes exudation of orobanchol, the signal for mycorrhizal symbionts and germination stimulant for root parasites. Some of the strategies discussed in previous sections such as biological control maintain their control action at post-attachment stages and will not be discussed again in this section. Pest Manag. Paris: Dterville. Beechdrops ranges from New Brunswick west to Ontario and Missouri and south to the Gulf of Mexico. 65, 540545. Besides the demethylation of PrCYP707A1 promoter required for host-dependent PrCYP707A1 expression, the high levels of global DNA demethylation observed at the end of conditioning period suggest that the epigenetic process occurring during the conditioning phase may be targeting other unknown molecules during conditioning. It is best recognized by its yellow-to-straw coloured stems completely lacking chlorophyll, bearing yellow, white or blue, snapdragon-like flowers. Despite the reports of broomrape inefficient machinery for nitrogen assimilation and broomrape dependence for host-derived organic forms of nitrogen demonstrated by the fact that broomrape growth is arrested when feeding on host cultivars with decreased amino acid-phloem levels (Abbes et al., 2009), inhibition of enzymes at the top of amino-acid biosynthetic pathway by means of either direct inhibitory action of herbicides (Gressel, 2009) or by feedback inhibition induced by amino-acid end-products (Vurro et al., 2006) are able to kill broomrape. Suttle, J. C., and Schreiner, D. R. (1982). The apical cells in the radicle apex develop into intrusive cells, which successively invade host root cortex, endodermis, and the central cylinder. A., and Rubiales, D. (2010a). (2012). doi: 10.1038/374220a0, Joel, D. M., and Losner-Goshen, D. (1994). Another strategy to induce suicidal germination of broomrape seed bank could be the use of gibberellin agonists. The physiology and biochemistry of parasitic angiosperms. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb01802.x, Slavov, S., Valkov, V., Batchvarova, R., Atanassova, S., Alexandrova, M., and Atanassov, A. Lpez-Granados, F., and Garca-Torres, L. (1996). Sci. "It is a prolific seed producer. 47 153159. Bot. Biocontrol Sci. doi: 10.1080/09583157.2015.1018813. 3586002. doi: 10.1002/ps.567, Aybeke, M., en, B., and kten, S. (2015). 26, 11661172. -. Successful reduction of broomrape parasitism in the current crop is obtained by intercropping host species with inhibitory species of cereals, fenugreek, or berseem clover (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2007, 2008b, 2010a). 2014 Oct 29;62(43):10485-92. doi: 10.1021/jf504609w. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Control 2, 291296. 89, 2327. Ann. 32, 767790. Striga hermonthica MAX2 restores branching but not the very low fluence response in the Arabidopsis thaliana MAX2 mutant. Semagenesis and the parasitic angiosperm Striga asiatica. 54, 144149. doi: 10.1007/s00299-005-0052-y, Amsellem, Z., Zidack, N. K., Quimby, Jr P. C, and Gressel, J. (A) Fructification and dehiscence of capsules containing mature seeds; (B) microscopic view of a seed (size ranging 0.2-2 mm) that undergoes sucessive dispersal, primary dormancy and annual release of secondary dormancy; (C) broomrape embryo does not develop morphologycaly identified cotyledons or shoot meristem and . 38, 343349. Sauerborn (1991) estimated that 16 million ha in Mediterranean and West Asia regions risked being infested. The target-site herbicide-resistance is based on a modification of the enzyme in such a way that it binds to its normal substrate in the amino acid biosynthesis pathway but not to the herbicide. Multiple flushes (cohorts) of emergence could be found within a single season . A swelling of the host root at the penetration point is also observed due the parasitic stimulation of host tissue proliferation; (G) tubercle develops a crown of adventicious roots; (H) tubercle differentiates apical shoot meristem (single shoot meristem for Orobanche species and several shoot meristems for Phelipanche species); (I) the underground shoot eventually emerges through the root surface; (J) flowering and pollination occur. They have been traditionally considered the exception in parasitic Orobanchaceae that do not require host factors for haustorium initiation (Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994; Bandaranayake and Yoder, 2013). Comparative transcriptome analyses reveal core parasitism genes and suggest gene duplication and repurposing as sources of structural novelty. Plant Growth Regul. 113, 321327. J. Exp. S. J. Ter Borg (Wageningen: LH/VPO), 2534. doi: 10.1094/PD-89-0023, Singh, A., and Singh, M. (1993). J. consultancy for, shared ownership in or any close relationship with, at any time over the preceding 36 months, any organisation whose interests may be affected by the publication of the response. doi: 10.1007/s13593-013-0153-x, Gibot-Leclerc, S., Corbineau, F., Sall, G., and Cme, D. (2004). Underground shoots will also develop from the tubercles that will eventually emerge through the soil surface leading into the development of reproductive organs (Figures 2FJ). J. Linn. Inhibition of seed conditioning and subsequent germination mediated by inhibitors of GA synthesis reduces the receptivity of broomrape seeds to germination-inducing factors. As a nurse plant, the bursage provides protection from hungry animals, shade from the relentless sun and additional nutrients and water that collect under the plant. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.10.034, Conn, C. E., Bythell-Douglas, R., Neumann, D., Yoshida, S., Whittington, B., Westwood, J. H., et al. 5, 99108. Evaluation of the pathogenicity of microorganisms isolated from Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) in Israel. Most species are primarily subterranean and appear aboveground only to reproduce. Chlorsulfuron resistant transgenic tobacco as a tool for broomrape control. (2001). Weed Res. Isr. Once ground has been infested, crop options for the field are extremely limited for a long period of time. MF-A wrote the paper. Strigolactone analogs derived from ketones using a working model for germination stimulants as a blueprint. Weed Sci. Mol. 52, 10501053. Foy, C. L., Jain, R., and Jacobsohn, R. (1989). doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01273.x, Seo, M., Nambara, E., Choi, G., and Yamaguchi, S. (2009). Global invasive potential of 10 parasitic witchweeds and related Orobanchaceae. Haustorial initiation and differentiation, in Parasitic Plants, eds M. C. Press and J. D. Graves (London: Chapman and Hall), 3979. Phelipanche ramosa (L.) Pomel (branched broomrape) is a holoparasitic plant that reproduces on crops and also on weeds, which contributes to increase the parasite seed bank in fields. 12, 638652. B., Thoiron, S., Leduc, N., et al. J. Microbiol. Is seed conditioning essential for Orobanche germination? Pest Manag. J. Evol. 11, 530536. (2012). 18, 463489. (2011). Plant Microbe Interact. Phosphorous and nitrogen have been described to down regulate strigolactones exudation in some crop species (Yoneyama et al., 2007a,b, 2012). Manage. 101, 13941399. When they are applied in vitro to seeds of P. ramosa and O. minor, they bypass the effect of germination-inducing factors, promoting broomrape germination in absence of host or any germination stimulant (Cala et al., 2015). 52, 699715. Soc. Hanson is part of a team of UC researchers enlisted by the processing tomato sector to work on a plan to contain the damage caused by branched broomrape, should it become established enough that the California Department of Food and Agriculture zero-tolerance quarantine strategy is replaced by management programs. doi: 10.1614/WS-05-151R.1, Eizenberg, H., Lande, T., Achdari, G., Roichman, A., and Hershenhorn, J. Jan 08, 2016. 3585999. The re-emergence of branched broomrape in California is of concern to the processing tomato industry as: 1) the experience in other regions of the world has demonstrated the extreme vulnerability of tomato to branched broomrape parasitism, 2) broomrapes seem likely to rapidly establish and spread in California because of the similarity to the species' native climate, (3) repeated cultivation . Synthetic analogs of growth regulators can be successfully used to reduce parasitism by hampering the synchronization of the parasitic seed bank with the growth of the host. Riopel, J. L., and Timko, M. P. (1995). 3rd class relic of the true cross. J. Bot. Botany 88, 839849. Int. The advances yielded as intense research made connects the major critical steps of the life cycle of Orobanche, the external factors influencing it either through molecular dialog between the parasite and the crop or the soil and climatic environmental conditions naturally opens the way toward the potential effect of the cropping system in limiting broomrape parasitism: choice of the crop, timing, plant protection, soil perturbation, fertilization, etc. Distrib. doi: 10.1614/P2002-151, Rubiales, D., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Prez-de-Luque, A., Castillejo, M. A., Prats, E., Sillero, J., et al. Sci. The points of vulnerability of some underground events, key for their parasitism such as crop-induced germination or haustorial development are reviewed as inhibition targets of the broomrape-crop association. One could even imagine situation Weed Sci. Resistance that occurs in the central cylinder is related with accumulation of phenolic compounds in the surrounding tissues and nearby xylem vessels inducing a toxic release near the parasite impeding vascular connection (Prez-de-Luque et al., 2009). Weed Sci. Germination of Orobanche seeds: some aspects of metabolism during preconditioning, in Basic and Applied Aspects of Seed Biology, eds R. H. Ellis, M. Black, A. J. Murdoch, and T. D. S. Hing (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers), 633639. golden disc awards 2021 nct. parasitism on amino acid composition of carrot (Daucus carota L). B., and Mallory-Smith, C. A. inducers of ISR (Gozzo, 2003) and commercially available as Proradix can reduce broomrape parasitism by 80% in susceptible cultivars of hemp and tobacco without phytotoxic effect on the crop (Gonsior et al., 2004). Afr. Ann. Bot. A., and Garca-Garrido, J. M. (2009c). Egyptian broomrape (Phelipanche aegyptiaca) response to silicon nutrition in tomato (Solanum . A simple method for stabilizing and granulating fungi. eCollection 2021 Sep 13. We reviewed relevant facts about the biology and physiology of broomrape weeds and the major feasible control strategies. The terminal haustorium develops at the apex of the seedling radicle upon host recognition (Musselman, 1980; Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994). Soil management affects the success of broomrape seeds in becoming established on the host and then the longevity of broomrape seed bank. An alternative to the selective use of herbicides when target-site resistance is not available for a specific crop is the touchy use of repeated applications of non-selective herbicidal doses to promote sublethal effects for the crop but lethal effects to the initial stages of post-attached parasitism (Foy et al., 1989). doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-073009-114453, Yang, Z., Wafula, E. K., Honaas, L. A., Zhang, H., Das, M., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., et al. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01645.x, Mwakaboko, A. S., and Zwanenburg, B. doi: 10.1002/ps.1742, Vurro, M., Boari, A., Pilgeram, A. L., and Sands, D. C. (2006). These stages constitute sites of broomrape metabolism at which it is possible to design successful strategies to inhibit its sophisticated parasitism. This is a short and delicate stage where the parasite either connects with the host or dies due to nutrient exhaustion. We have seen that several opportunities to stop the cycle of the parasite have been explored. Haustorium 53, 13. A peptide from insects protects transgenic tobacco from a parasitic weed. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0434.2007.01307.x, Mabrouk, Y., Simier, P., Delavault, P., Delgrange, S., Sifi, B., Zourgui, L., et al. Sudan J. Agric. Small broomrape tubercles or "spiders" attached to host plant roots. 69, 463472. The transfer of nutrients from host to broomrape is performed through a continuous vascular system at the host-parasite interface. Pest Manag. (2002). Polyphenols, including the new peapolyphenols AC, from root exudates stimulate Orobanche foetida seed germination. Plant Physiol. Natural metabolites for parasitic weed management. In this regard, France is doing valuable work through the Technical Center for Oilseed Crops and Industrial Hemp, Terresinovia, where a nationwide survey of infested fields is actualized online on real time by the farmers with new cases emerging every year and recently toward new regions such as the French Centre region1 Several studies suggest that large areas of new territory are at risk of invasion by broomrape (Mohamed et al., 2006; Grenz and Sauerborn, 2007), and in fact, invasions in completely new regions are already emerging in countries such as Spain, UK, France, Algeria, Ethiopia, Egypt, Sudan (Reda, 2006; Babiker et al., 2007; Babiker, 2008; Rubiales et al., 2008; Abu-Irmaileh and Labrada, 2009; Parker, 2014). Suttle, J. C. (1983). J. Exp. With target-site resistance, the herbicide translocates unmetabolised to the underground broomrape via the haustorium inflicting its suppressive action in the parasite (Gressel, 2009). doi: 10.1146/annurev.pp.41.060190.001015. ): defence reactions and mechanisms of resistance. Red clover plants were grown in soil articially infested with small broomrape seed in temperature-con-trolled growth . Therefore an integrated and sustained management strategy composed by several control methods acting at different broomrape life stages is highly recommended to keep away the broomrape weed problem in a durable manner (Kebreab and Murdoch, 2001). Weed Res. FIGURE 2. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2010.03.004, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Garca-Garrido, J. M., Ocampo, J. Fusarium nygamai a potential bioherbicide for Striga hermonthica control in sorghum. (2007). american fidelity accident insurance. Saghir, A. R. (1986). doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(99)00070-8, Antonova, T. S., and Ter Borg, S. J. doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.09.017. Bot. Rev. and their current disposition. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ern316. The new nomenclature of Orobanche and Phelipanche. This study evaluated the relationship between small broomrape devel-opment and temperature with red clover as a host plant. Am. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1995.tb01641.x, Gomez-Roldan, V., Fermas, S., Brewer, P. B., Puech-Pages, V., Dun, E. A., Pillot, J. P., et al. (2004). toria as a catch crop on Orobanche aegyptiaca seed bank. resistance available for faba bean breeding. toria) when managed properly as a catch crop can result in up to a 30% reduction in the size of broomrape seed bank (Acharya et al., 2002). The root-parasitic broomrape species cause severe damage to eld and vegetable crops worldwide. Activity of some nitrogen assimilating enzymes has been reported low in broomrapes. Weed Res. Broomrapes are sap-sucking 'plant pilferers' that steal their food from the roots of other . 53, 107117. Current chemical control of post-attached broomrape life stages is mainly achieved with foliar applications of systemic herbicides inhibiting ALS (imidazolinones, sulfonylureas) or EPSPS (glyphosate) to the leaves of crop varieties carrying target-site resistances to those herbicides to avoid direct injury of their metabolism. The haustorium is the key feature of plant parasitism which has evolved independently at least 11 times in angiosperms (Barkman et al., 2007; Westwood et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2015). Broomrape Eradication is High Priority for UC Researchers, Branched broomrape is so destructive in tomatoes that if it is detected in a growers field, quarantine regulations require that the crop be destroyed and the field be disked under, and common sense dictates that a grower rotate out of host crops for many years, said, The host range of broomrape, in addition to tomato, covers a number of economically important rotational crops in the Central Valley: safflower, sunflower, carrot, bell pepper, several, Hanson and fellow researchers UC Davis assistant professor, Vergara presents findings on farmer-to-farmer education in Panama, Melotto named AAAS fellow for work in plant defenses against bacteria, Yasay accident report released by Davis Police, Poudel wins AAUW International Fellowship, Our leadership-Plant Sciences Executive Committee, Guidelines for Departmental GSR Annual Progress Report and Final Report, Plant Sciences Graduate Student Travel Award, Plant Sciences Teaching Assistantship (TA) Application (temporary link). Keywords: Reduced germination of Orobanche cumana seeds in the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or their exudates. 65, 492496. and transmitted securely. Plant Sci. Crop Prot. (2009). Plakhine, D., Ziadna, H., and Joel, D. M. (2009). Plants (Basel). 53, 1927. Therefore broomrape seeds timely gain sensitivity for host chemodetection by means of conditioning (Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996). The crops affected depend on the host range of the broomrape species considered but in general, those in the Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae, or Solanaceae such as sunflower, oilseed rape, carrot, faba bean, or tomato among many others, sustain the major attacks (Parker and Riches, 1993). Res. Seed ultrastructure and water absorption pathway of the root-parasitic plant Phelipanche aegyptiaca (Orobanchaceae). Dissipation of metham-sodium from soil and its effect on the control of Orobanche aegyptiaca. However, the overall productivity of the host-parasite system is also reduced due to the shorter growing period being detrimental for crop yield. Biol. Effects of environmental factors on dormancy and germination of crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata). Broomrape, commonly called Orobanche, is a genus of more than 200 species of herbaceous plants native to the temperate northern hemisphere. Observations on the current status of Orobanche and Striga problems worldwide. Soil herbigation (saturating the soil with herbicides such as sulfonylureas) effectively controls preattached stages of broomrapes (Hershenhorn et al., 2009) but is hardly compatible with other agricultural cropping practices as detrimental for many crop seedlings for several weeks or months. doi: 10.1007/BF02980855, Prez-de-Luque, A., Moreno, M. T., and Rubiales, D. (2008). Weed Sci. Analysis of resistance criteria of sunflower recombined inbred lines against Orobanche cumana Wallr. 133, 637642. An important piece of this research is identifying the best time to apply an herbicide to slow down the broomrape with a minimum of damage to the tomatoes. 83, 453458. 35, 445452. Striga seed avoidance by deep planting and no-tillage in sorghum and maize. Major feasible strategies for controlling broomrape and gain productivity in the current crop are those based on cultural practices that promote host scape to parasitic damage by improving host sink competitiveness, selective chemical control of the parasite via the haustorium, and host resistance based in physical, chemical barriers and physiological incompatibility. doi: 10.1051/agro:2003016, Rubiales, D., Prez-de-Luque, A., Joel, D. M., Alcantara, C., and Sillero, J. C. (2003b). Underground Mechanisms of Parasitism and Associated Strategies for their Control: A Review. Group 6, 1119. 152, 131141. Other interesting molecules that hamper the ability of broomrape radicle to reach the host have been recently discovered from different microbial and plant origins (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2013; Cimmino et al., 2014). Eradication of Orobanche/Phelipanche spp. Ilustration of broomrape life stages and mechanisms of control. Weed Res. Several toxins have been identified with inhibitory activity on broomrape parasitism by interfering with broomrape germination and radicle elongation (Vurro et al., 2009; Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2013; Cimmino et al., 2014). doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.00971.x, Mauro, R. P., Lo Monaco, A., Lombardo, S., Restuccia, A., and Mauromicale, G. (2015). Mutualism This is a win-win relationship Both organisms . New infestations can occur through the use of contaminated seeds or machinery and their prevention is essential. 2022 Nov 29;12(12):1195. doi: 10.3390/metabo12121195. 70, 183212. Bot. Biol. (2009). Seed Sci. 49(Suppl. 11, 240246. 56, 574581. B., Pouponneau, K., Yoneyama, K., Montiel, G., Le Bizec, B., et al. The harvest of infested fields or blocks, because of the biology of this weed and its standing as a California Department of Food and Agriculture Class A status, is extremely ill-advised., (Article by Bob Johnson, Sacramento reporter. 19, 753758. in soils and in solutions. Therefore, decisions on the date of sowing has to be well-adjusted in order to balance the loss of productivity due to shorter growing period with gain of productivity due to reduced parasitism. Evol. Bot. doi: 10.3732/ajb.93.7.1039, Berner, D. K., Schaad, N. W., and Volksch, B. Z., Huang, K., Wickett, N. J., Alford, S., et al. Control 30, 212219. Seed conditioning and its role in Orobanche seed germination: inhibition by paclobutrazol, in Progress in Orobanche Research. Agron. Inter-cropping with berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) reduces infection by Orobanche crenata in legumes. Besides date of sowing, nutrient management can promote both tolerance and increased resistance in crops to broomrape parasitism (Parker, 2009; Labrousse et al., 2010). Mater. This surface is covered by carbohydrate secretion that sticks the haustorium to the host surface. For instance, tori (Brassica campestris var. doi: 10.1080/09583150903340544, Barker, E. R., Press, M. C., Scholes, J. D., and Quick, W. P. (1996). The opposite agricultural practice deep-plowing, has been suggested to bring seeds of parasitic weeds to a depth with less oxygen availability and therefore a reduction in its germination capacity (Van Delft et al., 2000). operate at different developmental stages of the parasite. doi: 10.1002/ps.2153, Evidente, A., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Cimmino, A., Rubiales, D., Andolfi, A., and Motta, A. Abstract. Abbes Z., Kharrat M., Pouvreau J. For broomrape control, this system seeks the simultaneous cultivation of susceptible host species with inhibitory species of broomrape parasitism. Epifagus means "upon beech," derived from "epi," upon, and "fagus," the genus of beech; virginiana refers to "Virginia.". The stimulatory capability of crop root exudates is defined by the qualitative and quantitative content of germination-inducing factors and varies across crop species and cultivars. Mitochondrial DNA suggests at least 11 origins of parasitism in angiosperms and reveals genomic chimerism in parasitic plants. 33, 267349. Rhizobium leguminosarum induces defense mechanisms based on elevated induction of the phenylpropanoid pathway conferring mechanical and chemical barriers to the parasite penetration (Mabrouk et al., 2007a,b,c, 2010). Weed Res. Such target-site resistance is also available in other broomrape-susceptible crops but remains to be tested and registered to control broomrape. Agronomie 23, 359362. Symplasmic sieve element continuity between Orobanche and its host. Mol. 120, 328337. Haustorium initiation and early development, in Parasitic Orobanchaceae, eds D. M. Joel, L. J. Musselman, and J. Gressel (Berlin: Springer), 6174. doi: 10.1002/ps.1739, Sarosh, B. R., Sivaramakrishnan, S., and Shetty, H. S. (2005). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Molecular and biochemical mechanisms of defence induced in pea by Rhizobium leguminosarum against Orobanche crenata. 2020 Sep 11;9(9):1184. doi: 10.3390/plants9091184. Certain amino acids strongly inhibit the early development of broomrape without phytotoxic effects in the host (Vurro et al., 2006). One step in the research is to learn if the tomatoes can grow through low level applications of the candidate herbicides. How do nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies affect strigolactone production and exudation? doi: 10.1021/jf504609w, Cimmino, A., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., Avolio, F., Andolfi, A., Rubiales, D., Yoneyama, K., et al. Several mechanisms are involved in resistance of Helianthus to Orobanche cumana Wallr. And four, despite reports on broomrape inefficient machinery for nitrogen assimilation, and on amino acid fluxes from the host phloem to the parasite, herbicides inhibiting amino acid biosynthesis in the parasite via suppressive action on broomrape-encoded acetolactate synthase (ALS) and enol-pyruvylshikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS) enzymes are able to kill broomrape. In addition to the toxic effects on broomrape seed and seedling, fertilization can protect crops from broomrape parasitism by means of down-regulating the crop synthesis and exudation of strigolactones, the most potent germination-inducing factors for broomrape. (1999). 51, 152156. Broomrape tubercles accumulate host-derived nitrogen in the form of either arginine or in the arginine and aspartate pair (Nandula et al., 2000; Abbes et al., 2009). Parasite population Broomrape seeds were originally collected in Serbia from sunflower hybrids known to be resistant to race E. This broomrape population was designated as LP12BSR and was used in a previous study as . Can. Symbiosis The relationship(s) between organisms within an eco-system that depend on one another for survival. Solarization, a physical control method for weeds and parasitic plants (Orobanche spp.) (2013). Responsiveness of Orobanche ramosa L. seeds to GR24 as related to temperature, oxygen availability and water potential during preconditioning and subsequent germination. The timing of germination is the most crucial event that obligated parasitic plants face along their life cycle (Figure 2C). This lead us to build the list of the major feasible components that a model designed to quantify the effects of cropping systems on pest dynamics should include for specific broomrape control. Z. Planzenphysiol. June 11, 2022 Posted by: what does dep prenotification from us treas 303 mean . doi: 10.1093/jxb/erv119, Lechat, M. M., Pouvreau, J. Weed Res. Flavonoids promote haustoria formation in the root parasite Triphysaria versicolor. Phelipanche aegyptiaca management in tomato. 81, 319326. 62, 70637071. Mller-Stver, D., Buschmann, H., and Sauerborn, J. 19, 217231. doi: 10.1002/ps.1740, Rubiales, D., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Wegmann, K., and Joel, D. (2009b). Processing tomato growers are struggling to contain a potentially devastating parasitic weed that had not been seen since growers waged a successful eradication campaign four decades ago. 89, 177181. (1999). doi: 10.1016/S0065-2296(08)60328-6, Lieberman, M. (1979). Signalling organogenesis in parasitic angiosperms: xenognosin generation, perception, and response. J. Whether the demethylation and host stimulation are independent or related processes remains to be clarified (Lechat et al., 2015). Hortic. Abu-Irmaileh, B. E., and Labrada, R. (2009). Nitrate reductase is not detectable (Lee and Stewart, 1978) and activity of glutamine synthetase is very low (McNally et al., 1983). J. Weed Sci. Privat, G. (1960). Pesta granule trials with Aspergillus alliaceus for the biocontrol of Orobanche spp. doi: 10.1002/ps.993, Tank, D. C., Beardsley, P. M., Kelchner, S. A., and Olmstead, R. G. (2006). doi: 10.1007/s00425-007-0600-5, Yoneyama, K., Yoneyama, K., Takeuchi, Y., and Sekimoto, H. (2007b). 22, 937947. Successful broomrape control should target the underground broomrapes at their earlier life stages, prior attachment or as soon as it attach to the host, because of their highest vulnerability at those stages and the avoidance of yield loss in the current crop. EM 8884-E Reprinted August 2008 important rotational crop in grass seed production systems. J. Exp. The haustorium and the life cycles of parasitic Orobanchaceae, in Parasitic Orobanchaceae, eds D. M. Joel, J. Gressel, and L. J. Musselman (Heidelberg: Springer Berlin), 2123. (1983). Biol. Effect of branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) infection on the growth and photosynthesis of tomato. Study on viability and longevity of Orobanche seed under laboratory conditions, in Proceedings of the International Workshop on Orobanche Research: Progress in Orobanche Research, eds K. Wegmann and L. J. Musselman (Obermarchtal: Eberhard-Karls Universitat), 110114.
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